15 Quotes Exploring the Complex Father-Son Relationship

15 Quotes Exploring the Complex Father-Son Relationship Fathers and children have a complex relationship. As Frank Herbert said, What is the child however an augmentation of the dad? Fathers attempt to give to their children the information on being a man and to be effective throughout everyday life. Most dads raise their young men dependent on their own encounters with their dads, regardless. Previous President George H.W. Bramble It’s much more regrettable to peruse analysis about your child than yourself. Johann Schiller It isn't fragile living creature and blood yet the heart, which makes us fathers and children. Aldous Huxley Children have consistently a defiant wish to be baffled by that, which enchanted their dads. George Herbert One dad is sufficient to oversee one hundred children, however not a hundred children, one dad. Marlene Dietrich A ruler, understanding his inadequacy, can either appoint or abandon his obligations. A dad can do not one or the other. In the event that no one but children could see the Catch 22, they would comprehend the difficulty. William Shakespeare At the point when a dad provides for his child, both snicker; when a child provides for his dad, both cry. Walter M. Schirra, Sr. You dont bring up legends, you bring up children. Furthermore, in the event that you treat them like children, theyll end up being saints, regardless of whether its fair in your own eyes. James Baldwin In the event that the relationship of father to child could truly be decreased to science, the entire earth would burst with the greatness of fathers and children. Robert Frost The dad is consistently a Republican toward his child, and his moms consistently a Democrat. Connection Between the Father and His Teenaged Son The need to imitate the dad appears to disperse when children arrive at pre-adulthood. The defiant hormones need nothing of the old keeps an eye on intelligence. Most youthful youngsters need to remove themselves from their dads. Connections that were worked with a power of profound devotion and trust become strainedâ and pulled back. Most dads stay far off when their children are developing, to maintain a strategic distance from a conflict of character. Is this ordinary or a pattern towards developing family disagreement? On the TV sitcom Home Improvement, featuring Tim Allen. In one of the scenes, Wilson offers a wry remark: Guardians are the bone on which youngsters hone their teeth. Im saying that when a kid is youthful, he reveres his dad and all together for the kid to turn into a man, hes got the chance to consider his to be as an untrustworthy person and quit considering him to be a god.â The virus war can proceed with well into the grown-up period of the childs lifeâ until he himself turns into a dad. Sometime, the pattern of life permits the new dad to think back his youth days and relate the multitudinous ways hisâ father showered love upon him. American on-screen character James Caan once stated, I never observed my father cry. My child saw me cry. My father never disclosed to me he cherished me, and subsequently, I revealed to Scott I adored him each other moment. The fact of the matter is, I’ll commit less errors than my father, my children ideally will commit less errors than me, and their children will commit less errors than their fathers. What's more, sooner or later, perhaps we’ll raise an ideal Caan. Fathers and Sons Can Share a Bond Through Fun Activities Fathers who sustain their children through tasks and exercises have a solid and sound relationship. As a rule, fathers and children appreciate similar exercises, in the case of angling or football. Discover an action that suits you and your children. You could decide to go outdoors with your child. Or on the other hand consider showing the little fellow essential strategies of golf. On the off chance that football is your first love, share accounts and clever stories with your boysâ while getting up to speed with the activity on Super Bowl. These statements about dads and children ponder the magnificently confused connection among young men and their dads. On Fathers Day, help each father and child connect with one another through these caring words. Alan Valentine For a large number of years, father and child have extended insightful hands over the gulch of time, every anxious to help the other to his side, yet neither very ready to abandon the loyalties of his peers. The relationship is continually changing and subsequently consistently delicate; nothing suffers aside from the feeling of contrast. Confucius The dad who doesn't train his child his obligations is similarly blameworthy with the child who ignores them. Ralph Waldo Emerson, (on the passing of his child) My child, an ideal young man of five years and three months, had taken his natural life. You can never feel for me; you can never know the amount of me such a little youngster can remove. Half a month prior I accounted myself a rich man, and now the least fortunate of all.

Use of Internet for Operations Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Examine about the Use of Internet for Operations. Answer: Presentation IoT can be supposed to be an interconnectivity of things, for example, individuals, creatures, gadgets (computerized ones) or articles that are extraordinarily recognized and can transmit data/information over a PC organize without having communications, for example, individual to-individual or even individual to-gadget (Barrett, 2016). High improvement pace of rising innovation on the planet has empowered IoT to bit by bit advance in various parts of life on the planet today. The usage of IoT has been reached out to various segments including horticulture, banking, industrialization, instruction among others. The utilization of these applications realizes extraordinary advantages to the different parts throughout everyday life. These advantages significantly incorporate; improved assistance conveyance, diminished help conveyance cost, decreased mistakes included, expanded creation and administrations rates, among others (Patel, 2017). There are many existing IoT applications being used today and others which are yet to be actualized. Every one of these applications and gadgets to a great extent depends on the utilization of web for tasks. To find out about IoT we will utilize a case of savvy City to clarify the idea. Savvy City as an IoT. A savvy city can be supposed to be a urban zone where the utilization of innovation is quickly utilized in by different parts in accomplishing a specific objective utilizing ongoing information or data sharing by breaking down a given divisions data and the innovation utilized for activity (Bauer, 2015). It cosist of three key components which include: data advancements, keen residents and interconnection of components (IURYT?, 2015). A keen city utilizes IoT in different zones, for example, social insurance, open administrations, brilliant business structures, savvy homes, transport, utilities, among others. For example, on transport part, a shrewd city will actualize an IoT that give both on-road and off-road direction during stopping, traffic control sensors and metering for traffic stream (Rivera, 2015). All these will send the ongoing data to explicit offices by means of the web for examination with no impedance or collaboration of people or outsider. How Smart City Operates Brilliant urban areas are introduced with doors which are transporters for sensors. These sensors are designed to identify explicit conditions dependent on what or which division they have a place with. When the data has been gathered by these sensors, the information is transmitted to the particular individuals or divisions continuously by means of web contingent upon its operational need. For instance, on account of meteorology, the sensors will recognize the climate states of the city, any progressions that may happen and afterward the meteorological division will have the option to get to the data consequently through a system and continue with the investigation (Palet, 2014). Instances of shrewd urban communities incorporate Dublin, Seoul, Helsinki, among others. Elements supporting presence of keen city as an IoT For the savvy city to exist and flourish, there must be different variables that encourage their reality. These incorporates a portion of the advantages that a brilliant city accompanies, the suitable framework through which the city will be based on and the requirement for these specific city in any case. The following are a portion of the components that underpins the rise of shrewd city as a major aspect of the IoT on the planet today. Improved ICT offices. Keen City relies altogether upon the ICT framework. The city utilizes all the ICT systems with the end goal for it to be operational. These incorporates the web and ICT gadgets that have step by step created occasionally. The sharing of data, correspondence and directing major operational jobs in a shrewd city depends completely on the ICT. Also, because of improved ICT it got simpler to think of savvy urban communities on the planet (Aidana IURYT?, 2016). Improved Broadband Networks. Presence of such framework makes it simple for data sharing along these lines supporting shrewd city activities. Presence of e-benefits that encourages tasks of shrewd city works likewise give a stage to presence of such city. Additionally shrewd urban communities have empowered manifestations of savvy urban spaces which empowers high caliber and increasingly effective assistance conveyance for a practical domain. Additionally the way that most governments are making the majority of their information open to be utilized by its residents for business and leading governments obligations, this has advanced the utilization of keen gadgets and applications consequently making innovation dependence urban areas. Difficulties of Smart City as an IoT Notwithstanding all the advantages that savvy city accompanies, there exist different components that may impede or challenge its reality. These components may include: Brings security issues with regards to data sharing. This may be because of absence of lawful principles to administer the entire part of data sharing which is broadly utilized in shrewd city hence prompting data security dangers, for example, absence of secrecy and protection. Joblessness. In savvy city, each activity is mechanized. This in this manner implies less human work required consequently prompting expanded pace of joblessness. Protection. A keen city is inclined to digital assaults since all the administrations are completed over a web and accordingly if not all around monitored the outside world may meddle or even access the most classified data. Ends To close, it is subsequently protected to state that the presence of shrewd city actualizes the entire idea of IoT in todays world. This specific model realizes advantages of the utilization of IoT applications and gadgets in improving the nature of lives in this century. Hence IoT which is a piece of the ICT framework has gotten worldwide effect the manner in which numerous things are being worked on the planet today (S., 2013). References Barrett, D. J. (2016). Web of Things (IoT). Illinois: Nimbus Center for Embedded Systems Research at Cork Institute of Technology (CIT). Recovered on https://www.google.com/search?q=Nimbus+Centre+for+Embedded+Systems+Research+at+Cork+Institute+of+Technology+%28CIT%29%5Cie=utf-8oe=utf-8client=firefox-b-ab#. Bauer, P. (2015, November 20). The Advantages and Challenges of the Smart City. Savvy urban areas are on the ascent, carrying with them the two difficulties and open doors for IT groups. , pp. 1-2. Palet, L. S. (2014, October 11). news. Recovered from National Geographic: https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141011-innovation science-ireland-dublin-europe-web of-things-future/ Patel, K. (2017). Wellbeing and Medicine. Recovered on 27th July 2017 https://www.ibm.com/websites/web of-things/6-benefits-of-iot-for-medicinal services/. Rivera, J. (2015, March 18). Newsroom. Recovered from Gartner: https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3008917 S., Z. (2013). Brilliant City Reference Model: Assisting Planners to Conceptualize the Building of Smart City Innovation Ecosystems, . Diary of the Knowledge Economy, 217-231. IURYT?, A. (2015). AN ANALYSIS OF KEY FACTORS IN DEVELOPING A SMART CITY. Vilnius: MYKOLAS ROMERIS UNIVERSITY.

Are You Financially Literate

Are You Financially Literate Are You Financially Literate? Are You Financially Literate?A recent study broke down financial literacy into five key concepts that people needed to understand in order to be considered financially literate.Financial literacy is important. Without it, people are more vulnerable to bad credit, financial scams, payday loans, no credit check loans, and other things that can threaten financial health. But according to the National Financial Capability Study (NFCS), only 63 percent of Americans are financially literate. Do you know where you fall?Generally speaking, financial literacy is the ability to use your skills, knowledge, and financial resources to make good financial decisions and effectively manage your money. In order to do this, you need a firm grasp on certain financial concepts.The researchers behind the NFCS identified five key concepts to help them evaluate the financial literacy of their participants: compound interest, loan terms, inflation, risk and diversification, and interest rates and bonds. In order to be considered financially literate, participants needed to have a basic understanding of four or more concepts. Let’s take a look at each of these concepts in more detail.Compound interest.Compound interest is a percentage that is added to a principal sum of money and its interest as it accrues over time on a deposit or a loan. In other words, it is interest on interest. Say you have $100 in a savings account with an interest rate of two percent that compounds annually. That means at the end of the year, you would have $102, and the next year, interest would be calculated on $102 instead of the original $100 deposit. By the end of the second year, you would have a total of $104.04, even though you didn’t add any more money to the account. It’s kind of like magic!That’s the difference between compound interest and simple interestâ€"simple interest would only be calculated on the principal amount, or $100 in our example.Even though a two percent interest rate seems sm all, you can see how it can add up over time into something more significant. Because of this, compound interest can be your friend or your enemy. Sure compound interest is great when it comes to your savings account, but it’s not so great when the sum of money in question is a debt with the potential to grow, such as an installment loan.That’s why it’s important to have a solid fix on compound interest. It can not only help you decide what kind of savings account is best for you, but it can also help you compare financial products, like personal loans, bad credit loans, and credit cards, and understand their real cost over time. Two loans could be for the exact same amount for the exact same length of time, but if one uses simple interest and one uses compound interest, one will clearly cost you less in the long run.Loan terms.When you take out a loan, you agree to a set of conditions, including the amount to be borrowed, the interest rate, and the term of the loan, or how lo ng you have to repay the loan. One key aspect of financial literacy is understanding how the term of your loan affects the size of your payment. This concept goes hand in hand with the concept of interest, which we just discussed.Let’s say you want to take out a loan for $1,000, and you get to choose between a term of one year or two years. Which option would result in a smaller monthly payment? That would be the two-year term, since you are spreading the same amount of money over more months. A one-year term would be about $83 a month, while a two-year term would be about $42 a month.Who wouldn’t choose the two-year term, you say? Well, unfortunately, things are rarely that simple. Interest is always a factor. Consider what would happen if your $1,000 loan came with a five percent interest rate that compounded annually. The longer your loan term, the more you would pay in the long run, even with smaller monthly payments.Inflation.Inflation is the rate at which the costs of good s and services rises over time. In other words, it affects the purchasing power of our dollar. Back in the day, there used to be something called penny candy because itâ€"you guessed itâ€"cost a penny. (Look, it’s even in the dictionary!) Even the cheapest of today’s candy costs more than a penny. That’s inflation.Many people think a certain amount of inflation is a sign of a thriving economy but that too much inflation is cause for concern, since that would massively devalue the dollar. Inflation is something that our government (the US Federal Reserve, specifically) tries to regulate at around two percent a year. That doesn’t always happen, and the average inflation increase since 1921 has actually been 3.26 percent a year.Inflation of more than two percent but less than 10 percent is called “walking inflation,” and it’s considered to be not great but manageable. When interest rates increase to the 10 to 20 percent range, it’s called “running inflation” and can cause big problems, especially because incomes don’t automatically rise with inflation.Inflation can also be different depending on what you’re talking about. For example, housing costs may rise over time at a different rate than food costs.One key thing to think about is how inflation might affect you over the course of your lifetime. Let’s think about that savings account again and the purchasing power of the dollars inside of it. What if the interest rate of your savings account is 2 percent, but the average annual inflation rate is 3 percent? In 10 years, will your savings have more, less, or the same purchasing power as it does now? The answer is less. And if you don’t even have a savings account and your $100 is instead tucked away in a sock drawer earning 0 percent interest, your dollars’ purchasing power would be even less.Risk and diversification.Risk is a term that is used in investing as a way to characterize a financial decision’s degree of uncertainty and/o r potential for loss. The higher the risk, the greater the degree of uncertainty and the potential for loss. Investors generally don’t make risky decisions unless the potential payout it great enough to justify it. Ever heard of the phrase “high risk, high reward”?For ordinary people, the most likely place they encounter risk is when it comes to their retirement account, which is usually made up of a portfolio of different types of investments. Accounts with a wide variety of assets are less risky than those with few. This is called “diversification.”Let’s say you come into $1,000 and decide you want to invest it. You’re deciding between (A) putting it all in the stock of one rising-star tech company or (B) contributing to a portfolio that will invest portions of the money in dozens of different assets, including the tech company’s stock. Sure, if you go with option A, that tech company could take off and your $1,000 could turn into $1 million. Or it could go bankrup t tomorrow and you could lose everything. If you go with option B, the majority of your money is still safe in other assets.Interest rates and bonds.A bond is a type of investment in which you loan an entity (like the government or a company) money to be paid back at a fixed date (aka the “maturity date”) with a fixed interest rate. It’s kind of like the tables have turned, and instead of, say, owing to the government on a $1,000 student loan, it owes you on the loan.Governments and companies sell bonds to investors when they are trying to raise funds, and investors know exactly what the maturity date and interest rate are when they buy themâ€"they do not change over time. And that brings us to a key takeaway when it comes to financial literacy: The value of a bond fluctuates depending on what the prevailing interest rates are at any given time. More specifically, as interest rates rise, bond prices go down. The opposite is also true.Improving your financial literacy.Now that you’ve read this post, you’re financially literate, right? Well, maybe. According to this recent Bloomberg article, achieving and maintaining financial literacy is difficult. It’s not something you earn once and keep forever. In fact, experts think that financial literacy is something that requires constant practice, which is not something average people have the opportunity to do. This might mean that, in order to be prepared for the times where you do need financial literacy, you may need to seek out ways to learn and practice your skills.To improve your financial literacy and money management skills, check out the free standards-aligned courses that we offer through OppU. If you want to avoid predatory storefront and online loansâ€"like short-term cash advances and title loansâ€"becoming financially literate is a critical first step. To learn more, you can also check out these  other posts and articles from OppLoans:Building Your Financial Life: Budgeting for BeginnersSave More Money with These 40 Expert TipsHow to Raise Your Credit Score by 100 PointsFinancial Basics: Expert Tips for Smarter SpendingDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 958 Words

When Families take vacations out of town, state, or even the country they go on a journey. The family might meet new people of different races and try new foods. They might make Exotic memories. In the book â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, the readers are introduced to three very important characters who in many ways can connect to the theme journey to freedom. Huck Finn, Jim, and Pap all have their own expedition. Huck wants away from his drunk, Abusive Pap. Jim wants away from slavery so he can free his family. Pap is always going back and forth between towns and always getting into trouble. The Book has all types of different settings. The story starts at St. Petersburg and travels up the Mississippi river. Huck†¦show more content†¦In the book it says, â€Å"Jackson’s Island is good enough for me; I know that island pretty well, and nobody ever comes there.† Huck reaches his first destination at the island, the very start of his journey. After a while he finds out that Jim is on the island as well. Huck tells Jim what happened and why he had to run away. Jim is also running away, like Huck. They decide to continue the journey together. Jim is on this journey with Huck. They are both retreating away from their â€Å"homes†. Jim is a slave for the widow Douglas. The widow Douglas said she wouldn’t sell Jim to another Slave owner but Jim heard that he was worth $600 and she wasn’t going to pass that up. Jim having this speculation in his head, runs away so he doesn’t get sold. So Jim left for the Jackson’s island where he met Jim there. At first Jim thought Huck was a ghost because he heard the story of Huck being murdered. Goodness gracious, is dat you, Huck? En you ain dead—you ain drownded—you s back agin? It s too good for true, honey, it s too good for true. Lemme look at you chile, lemme feel o you. No, you ain dead! you s back agin, live en soun , jis de same ole Huck—de same ole Huck, thanks to goodness! Jim stated. Huck explained to Jim why he ran away and Jim explained why he ran away. Pooty soon I ll be a-shout n for joy, en I ll say, it s all on accounts o Huck; I s a free man, en I couldn t ever ben free ef it hadn ben

Find out What the MILF Acronym Means

Similar to a cougar but not exactly the same, the acronym MILF has been a part of our cultural lexicon since it popped up in the 1999 hit movie American Pie. It refers to a woman, specifically a mom, who becomes an object of sexual fantasy for her childrens teenaged friends. Or, to be blunt, a mother Id like to f***. FILFs and DILFs Yes, there are male equivalents to the MILF, but its interesting to note that what makes these dads sexy are their parenting skills. In other words, DILFs are attractive in part because of their nurturing qualities, not despite them. Cultural Origins Its impossible to pinpoint the first time MILF was used, but stories about the fantasy—and the reality—of young men having sexual relationships with older women have been played out time and again throughout popular culture. Aristophanes addressed the subject as early as B.C.E. 391 in his comedy, Women of the Assembly, in which the women of Athens take over the government and decree that no man can have sex with a young woman without first having sex with an elderly one. Nearly 2,000 years later, American writer Edith Wharton pens The Age of Innocence, a novel of the social stratifications that exist among the upper-crust denizens of Gilded Age New York City. Its major plot point centers on the love affair between young lawyer Newland Archer and his fiances cousin, the 30-year-old Countess Olenska, who at the time would have been considered an old maid. And we have countless films that tackle the topic, from The Graduate to Harold and Maude to Bull Durham. Cougar vs. MILF Many of the women in these books and movies could be referred to as cougars, a term that describes a woman over the age of about 35 who exhibits so-called predatory behavior toward men who are 10 or more years younger than they are. Unlike MILFs, cougars dont necessarily have children, and they are usually the ones doing the seducing. Implicit in the definition of a MILF is that she is primarily a fantasy. In addition, a MILF is not just any older woman, she is a mom, more specifically, a hot mom, a mother whose childrens friends find sexually attractive. American Pie Probably the first time that MILF achieved buzzword status was in the 1999 coming-of-age movie American Pie. In it, comedic actress Jennifer Coolidge plays the attractive mother of a teenage boy named Stifler. One of Stiflers rivals, Paul Finch, finds himself lusting after Stiflers mom, and although she plays her part for laughs, Coolidge infuses her performance with enough seductiveness that Stiflers mom became the prototypical MILF. The term was so ubiquitous that the band Fountains of Wayne were inspired to write a 2003 song riffing on the topic called Stacys Mom, complete with a video that borders on the scandalous. Congratulatory or Derogatory? By and large, in our culture, women are seen as vital only so long as they remain fertile. Once they enter menopause, many women are treated as invisible—and they begin to feel invisible as well. Which is why some women consider it a compliment to be called a MILF. After all, it confers a sense of prolonged youth, and the ability to still wield sexual power over men. But the term is also problematic. First of all, it qualifies the extent to which an older woman is considered attractive. In other words, you may look good, but you look good for an old hen—just dont go thinking youre still a spring chicken. More troubling, however, is the fact that the teenagers who find their friends mothers attractive are underage. Sure, one could argue, MILFs do not necessarily take advantage of their childrens friends. They are simply the objects of their fantasies. Yet, in American Pie, Stiflers mom does end up having sex with Paul Finch. Imagine if the roles were reversed and Stiflers mom was Stiflers dad—hed be arrested for statutory rape and branded a pedophile.

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(43) " and does non expose patient to radiation\." This instance survey is about an 80 old ages old male with symptomless abdominal aortal aneurism who presented to his GP with other symptoms unrelated to abdominal aortal aneurism. The writer will analyze the diagnosing of his aneurism, the mode used, the intervention and direction. Diagnosis and intervention tracts shall be followed ; analysis and comparing to other tracts shall be done to see which is the most effectual and accurate in the diagnosing and intervention of abdominal aortal aneurism. We will write a custom essay sample on Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Patient confidential information shall be maintained throughout this essay, therefore in line with the codification of professional behavior, Nursing and Midwifery Council ( 2008 ) . Case study 80 old ages old, Mr X, of height 5 pess 8 tall who weighted 50 kilograms presented to his GP on the 6th of February 2010 with 6 yearss history of irregularity. During physical scrutiny a throbing mass was noted in his venters. The patient had no symptoms related to aneurysm, such us back or abdominal hurting. The GP discovered during conversation with Mr X that his brother died from rupture AAA a twelvemonth ago. Mr X smokes 3 battalions of coffin nails daily. His past medical records showed that, he had chronic clogging pneumonic disease, high blood pressure, ischemic bosom disease which he had a beltway surgery 15 old ages ago. He besides had an MI 2 old ages ago holding had transdermal conary intercession ( PCI ) to circumflex and right coronary arterias. The GP suspected that Mr X had an AAA and referred him for ultrasound scan to govern out the size of AAA. The ultrasound scan was conducted two hebdomads after seeing the GP. The scan revealed an aortal aneurism below the degree of the nephritic arterias mensurating 5.99 cm A-P diameter. Mr X was referred to a vascular sawbones who recommended a CT scan to look into the extent and anatomical construction of the aneurism to see Mr X ‘s suitableness for endovascular repai Computer Tomography Angiogram aorta was performed a hebdomad after the ultrasound scans. CT angiogram with contrast showed a big infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurism which measures maximally 6 centimeter in diameter. It besides demonstrated good infra-renal cervix. Ultrasound of the venters showing an infrarenal aortal aneurism steps 5.99 centimeter. ( Local NHS Trust 2010 ) Axial CTA with contrast of the venters demoing infrarenal aortal aneurism mensurating 6 centimeter ( pointers ) with partial calcified integral wall ( Local NHS Trust 2009 ) The sawbones so referred Mr X for an elected vascular surgery because his aneurism was big and carried a high hazard of rupture and decease. One hebdomad before his surgery, Mr X had a chest X ray, blood trial and EKG which were all normal. On the twenty-four hours of admittance, his pulsation was 68BP/min and regular with a blood force per unit area of 140/80 mmHg. The below tabular array shows pre-assessment blood probes done. Blood Test Mr X ‘s consequence Normal Laboratory Test Values Entire white blood cell count 6.56 M/mcL 3.8 M/mcL to 5.6 M/mcL hemoglobin 14 g/dL 11 g/dL to 18 g/dL Platelet count 160 150-400 Red blood cell count 5 M/mcL 3.8 M/mcL to 5.6 M/mcL Bureau of intelligence and research 1.1 0.9-1.2 Blood urea N 6.86 mg/dL 6 mg/dL to 23 mg/dL Creatinine 98 mg/dL 0.6 mg/dL to 15 ng/dL ( Tinkham 2009 ) Preoperative appraisal was done to give Mr X ‘s sawbones a image of his overall wellness position. A complete blood count was performed to look into for the presence of infection, ensured an equal ruddy blood cell volume and regulation out serious haematological abnormalcy. Electrocardiography ( ECG ) was performed to measure cardiac arrhythmias and diagnose cardiac upsets such as myocardial infarction. Chest X ray was done to measure the presence of infection, bosom failure, emphysema and other status that may act upon surgical result. Creatinine and urea were performed to place job with nephritic clearance preoperatively.INR trial was done to guarantee coagulating ability before surgery. The International Normalized Ratio ( INR ) was done to guarantee blood coagulating ability before surgery On the 30/ 4/2010, Mr X underwent an endovascular aortal fix and was transferred to intensive attention unit while proctor his status for 3 yearss. He was discharged and had a wholly recovery after a month. Mr X had a follow up postoperative ultrasound and field movie x beam of venters. X beam and ultrasound was conducted at 1and 6 months to look into the place of the stent transplant and endoleaks. However, the scan and ten beam showed no grounds of any complication. Plain skiagraphy of venters at 1 month the unity and migration of Zenith stent transplant Raad ( 2010 ) Discussion AAA is a comparatively common and potentially dangerous status associated with old age. The bulk of abdominal aortal aneurisms do non do any symptoms and hence diagnostic is frequently missed. In many instances, the exact cause of aneurism is still ill-defined. However, harmonizing to Baker ( 2009 ) , the primary cause of aortal aneurism is atherosclerosis and other factors for case, male over 65 old ages, smoke, a positive household history, COPD and high blood pressure contribute to the hazard. An probe of Mr X ‘s AAA was done during a physical scrutiny of the venters which was conducted for other grounds. Approximately 75 % of abdominal aortal aneurisms are symptomless and are found by the way during abdominal physical scrutiny or radiographic probes ordered for other conditions, ( Anderson et al 2001 ) . Aneurysm tactual exploration on physical scrutiny has merely been shown to be sensitive in thin patients and those with abdominal aortal aneurism A ; gt ; 5 centimeter with an overall sensitiveness and specificity of 68 % and 75 % , severally for sensing of AAA, ( Fink et al 2000 ) . The primary mode used to corroborate Mr X ‘s aneurysm size was made by ultrasound. Ultrasound is a standard image mode for an probe of suspected symptomless and surveillance of abdominal aortal aneurism. Ultrasound is safe, non-invasive, comparatively cheap, widely available and does non expose patient to radiation. You read "Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" It is the best option for observing and mensurating the size of aneurism. However, harmonizing to Sparks et Al ( 2002 ) ultrasound can non accurately specify the extent of the aneurism as it can be altered by intestine gasses, and hence is unequal for preoperative planning of endovascular fix. Computerized Tomography Angiogram ( CTA ) of the venters was the 2nd mode to be used to look into the extent of Mr X ‘s abdominal aortal aneurism and the aneurysmal cervix for preoperative planning. CTA is going the diagnostic imagination mode of pick in the preoperative appraisal of patients with an abdominal aortal aneurism. However it has some disadvantages for case, it uses high doses of radiation, cost effectual and requires endovenous contrast but it is faster and extremely accurate in finding the size and extent of the aneurism, and its relation to the nephritic arterias. ( Hafez 2009 ) . The other mode that could hold been used for preoperative planning for Mr X ‘s abdominal aortal aneurism is magnetic resonance angiogram ( MRA ) . Harmonizing to Aburahma ( 2007 ) , MRA is merely used for surgical planning fix when CTA contradicts with patients with contrast allergic and nephritic failure. However, both computerized imaging and magnetic resonance imagination are effectual for preoperative planning fix. CTA and MRA imaging provide high-resolution imagination of the aorta and find proximal and distal boundaries of the aneurism, says ( Upchurch 2009 ) . MRI scan is comparatively clip devouring, really expensive and may be distorted by gesture artifact, extended calcified plaque and metallic surgical stents Upchurch ( 2009 ) . Hence, MRA is non used for preoperative appraisal of endovascular fix. Mr X ‘s preoperative mode was good as he did non hold any contraindication such as contrast allergic reaction or nephritic failure for him to undergo a magnetic resonance angiogram scan. With magnetic Resonance Angiogram, endovenous dye is non required and it does non expose the patient to radiation as compared to Computer Tomography Angiogram, ( Truijers 2009 ) The primary end of intervention depends on the size of the aneurism, the possibility of rupture and the patient ‘s status. The purpose of surgical intervention is to forestall aneurism from rupture for patients with symptoms such as back hurting, or symptomless aneurism greater than 5.5 centimeter in diameter, ( Hakaim 2006 ) . When sing intervention of abdominal aortal aneurism there are two types of fix ; unfastened fix and endovascular aneurism fix. Endovascular aortal fix ( EVAR ) was recommended as the most appropriate intervention for Mr X taking into history short and long term hazards and the benefits of both processs in relation to his age and co-morbidity every bit good as anatomical suitableness. This Endovascular aortal fix is a safe process and can be efficaciously performed in a patient with the suited anatomy for illustration, a individual with infrarenal aortal diameter no larger than 26 millimeters and aortal cervix length at least 15-20mm without inordinate angulations, ( Hallett 2009 ) . However, in such patients with a suited anatomy and surgical expertness, increasing the usage of endovascular aortal fix is likely justified based on its better preoperative result informations ( Hallett 2009 ) . EVAR relies to a great extent on nomadic C-arm image intensive. This enables the sawbones to utilize x-ray images to visualize the interpolation of stent transplant through the femoral arteria up to the site of the aneurism while being imaged. However, this it exposes patient to radiation during the process and in subsequent follow up EVAR is a less invasive process with a potentially reduced morbidity, mortality of 1.6 % , intensive attention, entire infirmary stay and a rapid recovery clip comparison to open fix with morality of 4.6 % , ( Tinkham 2009 ) . In the prospective randomized controlled tests, EVAR has been shown to hold a signifi ­cantly better preoperative result, ( Tinkham 2009 ) . In contrast to EVAR, unfastened fix requires a surgical exposure of the aorta clamping. Open fix was non recommended for Mr X because of hapless province of wellness due to his medical co-morbidities which limit his day-to-day activities. Harmonizing to Anderson ( 2009 ) , unfastened fix is non suited for patients with co-morbidity including terrible chronic clogging pneumonic disease or myocardial misdemeanor which places at high hazard. EVAR carries a higher hazard of complications which would necessitate farther surgery to rectify. This requires postoperative long-run follow-up imagination as the long term lastingness of the stent transplant remains unsure, ( Liaw et al 2009 ) . Mr X underwent a postoperative follow up obviously abdominal x beam and ultrasound at 1 month to look into the stent transplant unity and migration. Plain skiagraphy is easy to obtain and widely available. It still plays a utile function in measuring the metallic unity of the stent transplant but the truth of endoleaks is limited. However, the field movie can be used in concurrence with ultrasound as a method of follow up, ( Mattes et al 2011 ; Ginter et al 2009 ) . Duplex ultrasound imaging is non-invasive compared to CT. Studies show that duplex ultrasound had a sensitiveness of 90 % while CT had of 58 % in sensings of endoleaks, ( Badri et al 2010 ) Contrast-enhanced CT is another imaging mode that could hold been used for Mr X ‘s postoperative endovascular aortal fix. This image mode is expensive, less accurate in sensing of little endoleaks and it exposes patients to radiation and is. However, the major concern sing the frequent usage of contrast-enhance CT including additions cost and cumulative radiation doses which leads to lifetime malignant neoplastic disease hazard to patients have shift toward color semidetached house ultrasound, ( Mattes et al 2011 ) . MRA is alternate mode could hold been used for postoperative rating of Mr X ‘s stent transplant fix. Mr X can non undergo MRA as his aneurism was treated with Zenith stent transplant which may be distorted by gesture artifact in the magnetic field. Harmonizing to Liaw et Al ( 2009 ) , MRA is every bit accurate as CTA for sensing of endoleaks but is really expensive and can non be usage to image ferromagnetic stent transplants such as Zenith. Hence, MRA is non utile for postoperative rating of patients with stent transplants Decision I think the tract taken to name Mr X ‘s abdominal aortal aneurism was right and besides the most current pattern taken in many infirmaries. Endovascular aortal fix is a less invasive process with a potentially decreased morbidity and mortality. Endovascular aortal fix has been widely performed and it is an effectual option to open fix, peculiarly for patients with medical comorbidities. However, the mandatary follow up after is a disadvantage of this technique. Despite the disadvantages, CT remains the most widely used mode in preoperative planning for abdominal aortal aneurism and postoperative surveillance after endovascular aortal fix. In contrast to computing machine imaging, ultrasound is the simplest, cheapest, mode used for suspected and surveillance of AAA. It is a standard mode used in concurrence with field movie in some infirmaries for follow up after endovascular aortal fix. Overall, imaging provides an spread outing aggregation of tools, leting progressively accurate probe of AAAs and patient choice for endovascular aortal fix. Surgeons and radiotherapists in this field should be cognizant of the technological betterments in each imagination mode, to do the right picks before, during and after endovascular aortal fix How to cite Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Pharmaceutical Industry in India Essay Example

Pharmaceutical Industry in India Essay Industry overview Pharmaceutical sector is an important industry of any modern day economic power. Pharmaceutical industry in India has a very humble past. After independence, development of pharmaceutical industry was one of the top agenda of government along with steel and manufacturing industry. The market was protected against competition for a long period of time by giving incentives to small firms, license-raj etc. Today the Indian pharmaceutical industry is the front-runner science-based industries in the country. Today the industry boasts of wide ranging capabilities in the complex field of drug manufacture and technology. The sector is pegged to be worth US$ 7. 3 billion. The annual growth rate is estimated to be around 13%. Reports suggest that the domestic retail market would be worth around US$ 12 billion by 2012. Indian pharmaceutical industry ranks 4th in terms of volume globally and 13th in terms of value. It has 8% share in global sales 20%-24% share in production of generic drugs. The domestic players satisfy almost all of the country’s demand for formulations and bulk drugs. Indian firms aren’t limited to domestic market; they are now competing head on with multi national players in international arena. For many firms, exports constitute 60%-70% of the total revenue earned. Reasons for this strong growth are low cost of manufacturing, low cost of RD, innovative scientific manpower etc. The total pharmaceutical exports in 2007-08 clocked US$ 6. 68 billion against US$ 5. 73 billion in 2006-07 recording a growth rate of 16 per cent. India is poised to be one of the fastest growing pharmaceutical markets in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Pharmaceutical Industry in India specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pharmaceutical Industry in India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pharmaceutical Industry in India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This has led to entry of many major companies in the Indian market and a huge amount of FDI inflow. Evolution of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry The Indian regulatory system made several arrangements to protect the domestic pharmaceutical industry from foreign competition in its nascent phase. One of them was recognition of only process patents. This built a sound and strong base for strong and competitive domestic market but deterred entry of foreign players. The life of Indian pharmaceutical industry can be broadly divided into two phases, namely Pre-Patent regime and Post-Patent regime respectively. Lets take a look at both of them in detail: Pre-Patent Regime: This period can be segmented into various time periods for better understanding: 1947-1970 During this period country was trying to stand on its feet after gaining independence. The pharmaceutical industry had to be built from scratch. Though several domestic players had sprung up in market but their impact on market was limited. The reason was their inability to compete with MNC players who had better access to resources, better technical know how and access to larger amount of funds. These foreign players imported formulations and sold them in India. They were neither contributing to pharmaceutical industries nor to the manufacturing industries in India. People had low spending and restricted access to healthcare facilities because of low levels of income. The government had realized that dependence on imported drugs had to be reduced so that essential drugs could be made available to public at cheap prices. For this country needed to build indigenous drug production capabilities. To fulfill this objective Hindustan Antibiotics Limited (HAL) and Indian Drugs Pharmaceutical Limited (IDPL) were setup in 1954 and 1961 respectively. These companies soon established themselves as major producers of critical drugs, which, were being imported at that time. 1970-1979 The MNCs continued to dominate the domestic market in spite of steps taken by government. Government introduced two legislations in 1970 to accelerate the process of self-reliance and indigenization. These were Indian Patent Act and Drug Price Control Order (DPCO). These two regulations provided the launch pad for the Indian pharmaceutical industry to take off into a new growth spiral. Indian Patent Act: The act granted patents only for methods and processes used to manufacture the substance. This allowed the domestic players to reverse engineer the drugs present in market and find its constituents. They started making the product using the same bulk drug by using a modified production process. Drug Price Control Order: Government regulated prices of 354 essential bulk drugs and formulations to ensure wide spread availability of drugs at a reasonable price. These two legislations changed the industry structure and growth pattern. Several small-scale ndustries (SSI) came into existence in formulation business. They had significant advantage as their products were out of purview of price control. Low entry barriers, abundance of bulk drugs and dispersed market acted as additional catalysts. All these factors had a significant impact on the position of MNCs in India. These regulations introduced the concept of price control did not recognize product patents. Therefor e the MNCs had no incentive of introducing new drugs in the market. Their overall share in formulations started to decline as time progressed. 1979-1987 Government in 1979 amended DPCO. Number of drugs under purview of DPCO was bought down from 354 to 163. Government also increased the permissible mark-up on drugs from 40%-60% to 75%-100%. DPCO also regulated the production by fixing ratio between formulation and key bulk drugs. This ensured continuous and uninterrupted supply of key bulk drugs. Investments made by government in past had started bearing fruit. IDPL and HAL provided technical assistance to smaller players in establishing their foothold. Hence even smaller players started to supply critical drugs to market. Indian firms started to invest in RD because of availability of skilled researchers in country. This resulted in launch of new drugs through process re-engineering. Government funded Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) made major contribution to the research base. Indian firms had advantage of low cost structure and very good reverse engineering technical skills. After they had established themselves in domestic market they turned their attention towards export. They took measures to utilize their advantage in global arena and were quite successful. There was no improvement in conditions of MNC’s. High tariffs caused the prices of their product to go up. Price control measures taken by government directed them to sell at cheaper price. Therefore they focused on specific sectors where they still had a stronghold. They were reluctant to launch new products in country because of lack of proper patent protection. This resulted in overall decline of their market share. 1987-1994 This was a consolidation period of the industry. The entire industry registered a double-digit growth rate through the period. This high growth rate was attributed to rise in per-capita income of people and introduction of new drugs at cheap price. The increase wasn’t limited to domestic market. While bulk drug production grew at CAGR of 16%, bulk drug export grew at CAGR of 40%. By 1994 exports comprised 50% of total bulk drug production. To meet the ever-increasing demand, companies had to invest heavily in increasing their capacities. High growth rate also attracted new players to the market. Competition in market increased manifold as the number of players in the market doubled over this period. Most important development of this period was liberalization program initiated by the government. The tariff barriers were lowered which leveled the playing field for MNCs vis-a-vis domestic players. This also increased foreign investment in domestic pharmaceutical industry. The liberalization policy also benefited domestic players who made efforts to increase their global presence due to lower tariff and non-tariff barriers. 1995-2001 The major development of this phase was government’s commitment to recognize product patent regime after 2005. This increased the expectation of MNCs. Most of them increased their equity stakes in Indian operations. MNCs also realized that they could convert India into their manufacturing base. India had quality manufacturing facilities at cheap costs. Domestic firms too had saturated Indian market. They were focusing on global markets more seriously now. They entered into alliances with MNCs, entered into JV’s in overseas market, set up world-class manufacturing facilities and strengthened their brands to strengthen their position. The small players finally came of age and gave serious competition to their bigger counterparts. Even though market grew at 15% intense competition from smaller players pushed the bigger players towards generic formulations. Bulk drugs had lower margins because of intense competition. To overcome this most players forward-integrated into formulation manufacturing or increased their export to non-regulated markets where margins were higher. 2001-2004 During this period domestic players increased their focus on market of generic drugs. They invested in RD and upgraded their manufacturing facilities to comply with GMP norms. During this period the domestic formulations market registered a decline, barring a few segments. MNCs were strengthening their interest in domestic market as product patent regime was to be implemented in 2005. Post-Patent Regime 2005-2006 Government passed an ordinance in 2005 implementing the product-patent regime. This move was aimed at bringing India at par with global pharmaceutical market. Other major developments during this period were implementation of VAT, shift in excise duty levy to MRP based levy and implementation of good manufacturing processes. During this period Indian players established themselves in global market with their innovatively engineered generic drugs API. 2006-2007 The new pharmaceutical policy has been center of attraction. Government wanted to bring essential drugs on which the manufacturers made fat profits under the purview of DPCO. The proposed pharmaceutical policy was aimed at bringing 354 essential drugs under purview of DPCO so that they are within reach of common man. The policy has provision of limiting MAPE to 150% to put a cap on profits earned by pharmaceutical firms. The duties on API were reduced to encourage manufacturing. Government has also set up NPPA to regulate pricing of drugs in India. Companies will have to sell their drugs at price decided by NPPA. Regulatory Environments in various parts of the world Europe The European Medicines Agency (EMEA) is the apex body, which governs medicine industry in Europe. Scientific opinions of the agency are prepared by committees i. e. the committee for medicinal products for human use (CHMP), the committee for medicinal products for veterinary use (CVMP), the committee for orphan medicinal products for rare diseases (COMP) and the new committee on herbal medicinal products (HMPC). EMEA performs the scientific evaluation of the quality, safety and efficacy of medicinal products in EU. EMEA also coordinates the resources for scientific evaluation and assessment regarding products undergoing the mutual recognition procedure and the master files for plasma and vaccine antigens. EMEA also provides guidance for companies requesting scientific advice. It also provides scientific advice before the application of new marketing authorization for centralized and mutual recognition procedures. Scientific Advice Working Party (SAWP) does this task. In order to sell products in EU markets firm have to obtain a license. This license is granted by CHMP after it assesses the product in question. European Pharmacopoeia (Ph Eur) specifies the quality specifications for pharmaceutical preparations and their ingredients. Before submitting a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) the firm is required to show the safety and efficacy of the medicinal product. To show this local clinical data should be generated for a new medicinal product. Thus it is necessary to conduct clinical trails before launching a product in EU. If the product has already proved safety and efficacy in some other country then a bridging clinical study is sufficient. The initial license granted to a firm has to be renewed after five years. The risk-benefit balance is revaluated. If the result of re-evaluation is positive then the firm is granted the license for unlimited period of time unless the competent authority decides otherwise. In cases of drugs that require long-term safety study, the license for unlimited period is usually granted after 2-3 re-evaluations. The EU pharmaceutical legislation is very extensive and robust. In order to ensure high quality and safe therapies it provides extensive rules and guidance on licensing procedures for medicinal products. USA Pharmaceutical sector in USA is regulated by the department of Health and Human Services. The apex regulatory body is US FDA, which enforces the basic drug and food legislations. When a drug manufacturer develops a new drug, first the drug is tested on animals. Then he obtains approval for human trials through Investigational New Drug (IND). The data collected through human clinical trials in IND and animal studies is used to file a New Drug Application (NDA). NDA is used to communicate to FDA about safety and effectiveness of the drug, high quality manufacturing standard for the drug and appropriate labeling of the drug. New drugs are developed under patent protection. This grants exclusive marketing rights to the developer of the drug. After expiry of the patent period, other firms can sell a copy of the drug. This copied version of drug is called as generic drug. In order to get approval from FDA to sell generic drugs, firms must file for an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA). Generic drug sector became very lucrative because the manufacturers of generic drugs didn’t have to invest in costly animal studies and human clinical trials. Also the pharmacists were given the right to sell substitute generic drugs instead of a specific drug unless explicitly specified by the doctor. To get an FDA approval for their ANDA the firms had to ensure that their drugs contains the same amount of active ingredient as the original drug, it should be identical in dosage form, strength and administration method and manufactured under the same manufacturing standards as for the original drug. A Drug Master File (DMF) is submitted to FDA that contains almost all information related o the drug. Some information in the file may be of confidential nature. India In India both the central government and the state government share the responsibility of regulating the pharmaceutical industry. The Drug and Cosmetic Act and Drug and Cosmetic Rule are the legislations passed by the government in this regard. Through this legislation the government regulates import, manufacture, sale and distribution of drugs in India. The central government plays as the coordinator of policies like drug approval, clinical trials, setting up standards, controlling the quality of imported drugs etc where as the state governments see that the policies laid down by the central government are being implemented by the firms. The Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) co-ordinates all the activities involved. Pharmaceutical industry in India regulated on basis of price, patent quality. DPCO fixes an upper limit on critical formulations API. NPPA regulates the pricing of all the drugs manufactured or sold in India. A firm cannot price its drug on its own; it has to be approved by NPPA. NPPA has also put an upper limit of 150% on MAPE. If the firm invests heavily in RD then the limit is increased by 50%. In 1995 government had amended DPCO to limit the size of drugs under purview of DPCO to 74. After implementation of product patent regime government is mulling over bringing the number of drugs under DPCO to around 200. The Drug Cosmetic act specifies the quality standards to be met for any drugs that is manufactured, sold or distributed in India. Manufactures have to follow GMP in their manufacturing plants. FDI up to 74% is allowed on the automatic route in the case of bulk drugs, their intermediate Pharmaceuticals and formulations (except those produced by the use of recombinant DNA technology). The Government considers FDI above 74% for manufacture of bulk drugs on a case-by-case basis. It’s allowed only for manufacture of bulk drugs from basic stages and their intermediates. It also extends to bulk drugs produced by the use of recombinant DNA technology and the specific cell/tissue targeted formulations if it includes manufacturing from basic stage. Government had liberalization plans of increasing the FDI cap to 100% and making the process of investing more easily and investor friendly. The plans were not implemented because of political pressure exerted by the Left Parties on the government. Recent Developments Raw material shortage hits pharmaceutical firms Olympic games in China have put brakes on high-flying Indian pharmaceutical industry. In order to present its clean image before the world during the games, China has ordered to close various drug manufacturing units to prevent environmental degradation. This has caused a scarcity of raw material in India and has pushed up prices of generic medicines. Daiichi Sankyo buys majority stake in Ranbaxy Daiichi Sankyo Company, Ltd (Daiichi Sankyo) has bought majority stake in Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited (Ranbaxy) from the Singh family, the largest controlling shareholders of Ranbaxy. The deal is subject to regulatory approvals. This deal will allow Ranbaxy access to global markets that have been off-radar for the firm till now. Daiichi Sankyo is looking forward to gain a stronger foothold in a very fast developing Indian market as well as the base established by Ranbaxy in USA. Sun Pharmaceuticals gets USFDA nod for generic Depakote The USFDA has granted a final approval to Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd for its Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) for generic Depakote, divalproex sodium delayed release tablets. Divalproex sodium delayed release tablets are indicated as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy in the treatment of patients with complex partial seizures. US Congress to probe FDA`s Ranbaxy case The US House Energy Commerce committee is investigating the FDAs stance on the Ranbaxy case. The committee is to probe FDAs handling on Ranbaxys imports. The committee will also probe whether FDA knowingly let unsafe medicine to enter US. Sun Pharmaceuticals Taro deal Sun Pharmaceuticals, offered $454 million, all in cash, to buy out an Israeli generics manufacturer, Taro Pharmaceuticals. The deal has not been completed as yet because of encountering several roadblocks. Taro Pharmaceuticals is an Israeli pharmaceutical firm with a global presence. By acquiring Taro, Sun is trying to enter the low-competition, specialized segments like dermatology and pediatrics. Taro’s large presence in the Canadian market is also an attraction for Sun. Key Features of quarter April-June FY09 †¢Improvement in product and geographic mix: Higher contribution from exports (62%) for generics and higher proportion of CRAMS business (46%) were the key highlights of the quarter. †¢Improvement in margins: led by higher overseas and CRAMS sales, a 5. 9% YoY depreciation in the Rupee v/s the USD and increased captive consumption from companies like Dishman, Lupin and Piramal Healthcare. Raw material pressure to persist in the near term: China’s decision to (i) shut down polluting plants around Beijing and (ii) restrict the movement of hazardous chemicals in view of the Olympics resulted in raw material shortages and a consequent increase in prices. A rise in crude oil prices resulted in increases in the price of API solvents and intermediates. Our interaction with a few companies suggests that raw material shortage may persist for the next one-two quarters. †¢Depreciating rupee leads to MTM losses on Forex debt: A 7. % and 9% QoQ depreciation of the rupee v/s the USD and Euro respectively resulted in most companies declaring MTM losses on their FCCBs and foreign debt. Prominent among the losers were Ranbaxy, Jubilant and Cipla. GSK recently signed a deal with Aspen and Strides GSK Pharmaceutical has collaborated with Aspen through which it would have access to a portfolio comprising 1200 products and 450 molecules of Aspen and its JV with Strides. GSK would get these products approved in 95 emerging markets and distribute and market these as well, while Aspen will continue to market in Sub-Saharan Africa and other countries. Jubilant signs drug discovery pact with Amgen Jubilant Bosys Ltd. and Amgen Inc. , the largest US-based biotech company on Monday announced a drug discovery partnership. As per the deal, Amgen and Jubilant will collaborate to develop a portfolio of novel drugs in new target areas of interest across multiple therapeutic areas. Jubilant will develop early preclinical candidates emanating from Amgens early discovery efforts for an initial term of three years. Amgen will have responsibility for the subsequent pre-clinical and clinical development and commercialization. Amgen will retain / own the drugs developed under the collaboration with worldwide commercialization rights. Jubilant Biosys will partner in early-preclinical development effort from its state of the art Jubilant Research Centre Bangalore, while Amgen will pursue later stage pre-clinical and clinical development and commercialization of the drugs in global markets. The financial terms include a combination of research funding and success-based milestones paid to Jubilant during pre-clinical and clinical development for multiple projects undertaken by the collaboration. The total financial Milestone value is subject to successful development and commercialization of the portfolio of novel drugs. Glenmark`s molecule for Neuropathetic Pain to enter Phase I trials Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd has announced that its candidate for Neuropathic Pain, Osteoarthritis and other Inflammatory Pain-GRC 10693 is entering Phase I trials. The company intends to develop GRC 10693, a cannabinoid-2 (CB-2) receptor agonist, in neuropathic pain as the primary indication. The molecule has been filed for Phase-I approval with European regulatory authorities. Biocon, Abraxis launches ABRAXANE in India Biocon Limited and Abraxis BioScience, Inc, a fully integrated biotechnology company announced the launch of ABRAXANE (paclitaxel protein bound particles for injectable suspension) (albumin-bound) in India for the treatment of breast cancer after failure of combination therapy for metastatic disease or relapse within six months of adjuvant chemotherapy, ABRAXANE is now available in India as a single-use 100 mg vial (as a lyophilized powder, to be reconstituted for intravenous administration). The Phase III clinical trial in the U. S. demonstrated that ABRAXANE nearly doubled the response rate, significantly prolonged time to progression, and significantly improved overall survival in the secon line setting versus solvent based Taxol in the approved indication. The Medical House ties up with Dr Reddys Labs The Medical House Plc, a drug delivery specialist has signed a non-exclusive development, licensing and supply agreement with Dr Reddys Laboratories. The agreement covers an initial five-year term of supply, within US, European Union and Canada, with an option for Dr Reddys to extend the agreement to the rest of the world, on mutually agreed terms, the company said in a filing to the London Stock Exchange. The duration of the agreement can also be extended by mutual agreement and the development costs associated with customization would be paid to The Medical House (TMH) in addition to reimbursement of all agreed external costs. Strides completes acquisition of Ascent Pharmahealth Strides Arcolab has completed the acquisition of controlling interest in Ascent Pharmahealth Limited (formerly Genepharm Australasia Limited), thereby making Strides the 4th largest Generics Company in Australia. Strides now holds 50. 1% stake in Ascent Pharmahealth Limited, an ASX listed company. At final closing in Sept ’08, Strides may own upto 55% in Ascent Pharmahealth Ltd. Shareholders have voted to change the name of Genepharm Australasia Limited to Ascent Pharmahealth Limited. Ascent Pharmahealth Limited will include the assets of Drug Houses of Australia [DHA] in Singapore, a wholly owned subsidiary of Strides Revenue in excess of US$90mn on a combined Performa basis. Lupin acquires Hormosan Pharma Lupin Ltd has acquired Hormosan Pharma GmbH (Hormosan), a German Sales and Marketing generics company specialized in the supply of pharmaceutical products for the Central Nervous System (CNS). Hormosan, with total sales of Euro 6. 8mn for the year ended December 2007, develops, licenses and markets a range of generics in Germany. Hormosan has a complementary product portfolio with products in the Central Nervous System and Cardiovascular therapeutic segments. Hormosan has created a strong brand identity in the German generics market through its strong patient compliance message, essential for patients within the CNS sector. Besides strong key account management the company also has a successful in Regulatory team, Pharmacovigilance, Medical Information and Marketing teams. Aurobindo Pharma receives nod for 2 ANDAs Aurobindo Pharma has received final approval from the US Food Drug Administration (USFDA) for 2 ANDAs namely Ceftriaxone for injection USP 250mg, 500mg, 2g and Ceftriaxone for injection USP 10g pharmacy bulk pack. These are Cephalosporins under the Anti-infective segment. Lupin Pharma receives nod for Divaiproex. Sodium Tablets Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (LPI) has received final approval for the Companys Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) for Divaiproex Sodium Delayed-Release Tablets, 125 mg, 250 mg and 500 mg from the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). Commercial shipments of the product have already commenced. Lupin Divaiproex sodium delayed-release tablets are the AB-rated generic equivalent of Abbott Laboratories Depakote tablets. Depakote had annual sales of approximately US$ 803mn for the twelve months ended March 2008, based on IMS Health sales data. Dr Reddy`s lab to invest in Perlecan Pharma Dr Reddys lab has purchased holding of Citigroup Venture Capital International Mauritius Limited its nominees and IDBI Trusteeship Services Limited (the merged entity after its merger with The Western India Trustee and the Executor Company Limited) in Perlecan Pharma Private Limited. The Board of Directors of Dr Reddys Laboratories Limited at their meeting held on July 21, 2008 had approved this proposal aggregating to US$18mn. References: http://www. pharmaceutical-drug-manufacturers. com/pharmaceutical-industry/ http://www. thehindubusinessline. com/iw/2004/07/25/stories/2004072500401000. htm http://www. ibef. org/industry/pharmaceuticals. aspx www. indiainbusiness. nic. in/industry-infrastructure/industrial-sectors/drug-pharma. htm

Climate control essays

Climate control essays This exercise was a busy exercise. It was interesting to take a closer look at the weather though. I found myself also trying to predict it instead of just reading it. My boyfriend thought I was crazy and trying to be mister no-it-all when I told him to take rain gear to work with him because I told him it was going to rain when it was a perfectly sunny morning. He got wet that day. Some interesting things were happening in the weather. We had warmer temperatures in September than we did in August. Down in the southern part of the U.S. had hurricane after hurricane. We had flooding in the middle of September. The basement of my new house flood and I had and still have a mess. It was an interesting month as far s weather is concerned. In keeping a diary of the weather and how much precipitation I had out at my house found to be an experience in itself. My boyfriend would dump the rain gauge, and then when I went to check it, it would be empty. He doesnt remember things very well so it would take my twenty minutes to help him think of how much rain we got. We didnt get much rain until about the middle of September when we started get a lot of rain fall and a lot of flooding due to this rain fall. The month o September was a better month than July or August, temperature wise. The temps for the most part stayed in the 80s to mid 70s. I think at one point in time the weather man said that we were on day 10 for being in the 80s. Now at the end of the month and the beginning of the new month the temps are getting right back down to were they would normally be. I think that it feels a little colder though because we had such warm weather for most of the month and then the temps dropped pretty fast and now it is cold, c old outside. It has been freezing at night. Over the weekend it was snowing and sleeting up in the northern part of the state. A few of my friends were up at Lake Vermillion for ...

What Should I Go to College For

What Should I Go to College For SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Applying to colleges is a rough enough process on its own. If you're interested in a lot of different subjects that don't necessarily mesh nicely together into one major, then figuring out what you should go to school for can seem like an impassable obstacle on the road to figuring out where to apply to. In this article, I'll take you through the same steps I, a student with multiple disparate interests, took back when I was looking at colleges to figure out what I should go to college for. I'll also go through how, as a well-rounded student, you can narrow down what kinds of schools you should apply to. The Dilemma of the Curious and Well-Rounded Student In his article on how to get into Harvard and the Ivy League, PrepScholar co-founder Allen Cheng talks about developing a "spike" to make you attractive to highly selective national universities. The idea of developing a spike makes sense for students who are both dedicated to being the best at one thing in particular and who are interested in applying to the Ivy League and similarly selective universities. If attending somewhere like Stanford or Columbia is your goal, you want to have one area that you really stand out in, rather than being well-rounded. For students who have grown up being told that being a well-rounded student is important, the fact that you probably won't get into a top national university by being good at everything can feel like the deepest betrayal. Now, I didn't know any of this information about not being well-rounded or having a "spike" when I was applying to schools. But even if I had known about this strategy, I doubt I would have opted for it, because it just didn't match who I was as a student. Rather than that picture of one ball with a spike rising out of it, I was more like a morningstar- lots of spikes going off into all different directions for all my different interests. A morningstar, or my different interests? Impossible to tell apart! If you're a well-rounded student not just because that's what you've been told you should strive for, but because you're genuinely interested in (and good at) multiple different subject areas, then figuring out where to apply for college can be tricky. It's hard to choose a school that's strong in the areas you're interested in if the most you can limit it down to is "probably not history?" I know all of this because I was once a high school student who had so many interests that choosing a school that fit those interests (and figuring out what major to select on applications) seemed unlikely, if not impossible. Despite this, I was eventually able to narrow down my list to the eight schools I ended up applying to and ultimately ended up choosing a school at which I thrived. In the next section, I'll go into more detail about my academic background and interests as a high school student and how that pulled me in different directions when it came to choosing where to apply to. The different directions of my interests, but with Ludwigsburg tourist attractions instead of academic subjects. My Academic Background and High School Interests For high school, I attended a good public school in the New York suburbs. Most of the students from my school, then and now, go on to attend 4-year colleges immediately after high school. Because I went to a high school where most students went to college and because my parents had both gone to college and expected their children to as well, I was encouraged to start thinking about where I'd want to attend college during eleventh grade. Growing up where I did also meant I was familiar with at least the names of a lot of Northeastern U.S. colleges (if only because I'd driven by them), but I did not really have a sense of what schools were strong in which areas. As a high school junior, I would likely have described myself as being extremely interested in the following college majors: creative writing, Chinese, music, neuroscience (or psychology), math, or something else I hadn't studied yet but might discover a passion for in college. For me, a perennially curious student, the question was less "what should I go to college for" than "what should I choose what colleges I apply to based on." Figuring out the answer to the question "what should I go to school for?" was particularly difficult for me since none of my interests seemed to mesh together well, at least not on a surface level. Being unsure of what you should go to college for is not an uncommon dilemma for well-rounded students. Based on my own experience, I think this is particularly true at public schools where if you qualify for an advanced class, even if it's not a subject you're particularly interested in, you take it because otherwise you'll be bored in the non-advanced version of that class. Case in point for me: going into junior year, I wasn't super into U.S. History (to put it mildly), but since we had to take it in 11th grade either way, I knew that it would be better if I took AP U.S. History than regular U.S. History. The far-off look of a man consumed by U.S. history. FDR Memorial by David/Flickr. Over the course of my junior year, I thought more about what I was specifically drawn to within each of the subjects I was interested in. This deeper analysis, which I'll go into next, is ultimately what ended up helping me narrow down what schools I applied to needed to be strong in (and what intended major I should put on my applications). How to Choose a College Major (While Still in High School) During the summer between junior and senior year, in between avoiding thinking about colleges and trying to get my summer homework done, I took some time to think about how much I'd explored each of the subjects I was interested in so far and how much it should affect my college search. Below, I've written out roughly what my thought process was for each subject. As you read through, you'll start to notice that even though I am interested in all five of the subjects, the degree to which I'm interested in each area (and want to make sure I can study each subject in college) varies quite a bit. Creative Writing How much have I already explored this? I have been writing creatively almost as long as I have been able to read, in one form or another. I spent the majority of five summers at a creative and performing arts camp working on and writing for camp publications (literary magazine, newspaper, yearbook, playwriting festival, etc); the last two summers (including the summer before senior year), I was a counselor-in-training and helped other campers with their writing. How do I want to pursue this in college? I would like to be able to take creative writing classes in college. I don't necessarily plan to major in it, but it would be good if there was a minor (or a concentration within the English major) Chinese How much have I already explored this? I started taking Chinese (Mandarin) in 7th grade, have continued through now (and plan to next year). I went to China sophomore year for two weeks with my Chinese class (which was an amazing experience). How do I want to pursue this in college? I definitely want to continue taking Chinese in college, which means any college I apply to has to have more than just introductory Chinese classes (since I'll likely place out of those). Ideally, I'll be able to major in Chinese and study abroad in China for at least some of my time in college, if I so choose. Music How much have I already explored this? Since elementary school, I have taken lessons in and performed in ensembles for voice, violin, and viola, both in and out of school. I also began composing and exploring some aspects of computer music in late middle school and have continued to do that through now (the summer before senior year). How do I want to pursue this in college? I want to learn more music theory, particularly for medieval and non-Western systems of music. I probably will play in ensembles of some kind, maybe will pick up a new instrument, so it would be good if I could do that I don't want music to be the only thing I study (so I don't want to apply to a conservatory), but the idea of attending a school that also has a conservatory where I can take classes (even if I don't major in it) is very attractive. Well hello there yourself, Oberlin Conservatory of Music. Wallyford/Flickr. Neuroscience/Psychology How much have I already explored this? I have been doing an independent research project for the past couple of years which has ultimately ended up focusing on the different ways brains of high school musicians and non-musicians interpret sound. I enjoyed the process of reading all the research on music and the brain and neural processing in general; I've also quite enjoyed the research aspect so far. How do I want to pursue this in college? Any college I apply to definitely needs to have a neuroscience major or minor (preferably major). I would like the opportunity to do original research as an undergraduate (rather than just running someone else's studies), but it's not a deal-breaker. Math How much have I already explored this? Since 7th grade, I've been in a two-years-advanced math class and have relished most of it; I will likely run out of math classes to take senior year because I already took BC Calc junior year. I became interested in chaos theory and fractals after reading Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton in elementary school. I also read Chaos by James Gleick as part of figuring out what I'd study for my independent science research project (even though I didn't ultimately end up going with it). How do I want to pursue this in college? I want to be able to take math and find what advanced mathematical areas appeal to me. I definitely don't want to go to any kind of engineering or math-centric school, just want the option to take more math. If it wasn't for how legible the handwriting is, this is definitely something I could have written about math when I was in high school. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. What Should I Go to College For? The Verdict After sitting down and going through my main interests, I no longer felt quite so hopelessly well-rounded. It was clear that while I was interested in studying lots of different kinds of things in college (probably a good sign for someone who wants to go to college), there were certain requirements that mattered more than others in figuring out what I should go to college for (and, as a consequence, what schools I should apply to). Here are the distilled criteria I ended up using in my college search: #1: The school must have creative writing classes (at least a creative writing minor or concentration). #2: The school must have advanced Chinese (Mandarin) language classes. #3: The school must have music theory classes and some way for non-music majors to take music classes and participate in ensembles. #4: The school must have a neuroscience major or minor. These four criteria were specific enough to help me figure out if schools were not a good fit for me, yet not so numerous that there were no schools that would match all four. I ultimately ended up applying to eight schools: Yale, Brown, Swarthmore, Wellesley, Vassar, Oberlin, NYU, and Brandeis. And what about when it came time to choose a college major on applications? If a school allowed you to select multiple possible majors, I did that (usually selecting English/creative writing, neuroscience, Chinese, and music, in that order). If a school only allowed you to select one potential major, I went with "undecided." Even though we have warned against choosing "undecided" as your major in other articles on the PrepScholar blog, being interested in many things is one case where choosing "undecided" makes sense, particularly if your many interests are demonstrated throughout the rest of your application. As long as it's clear that "Undecided" means "too many interests" and not "no interests," it's fine to choose it, even when applying to highly selective schools. Since I mostly ended up applying to smaller liberal arts schools, the question of which program within the school to apply to didn't come up much, but when it did, I went broad. For Oberlin, I applied to the College of Arts and Sciences, not the Conservatory of Music (after ascertaining through talking to the college that I could still do music things even if I wasn't at the conservatory). For NYU, I applied to the College of Arts and Sciences as my primary choice and the Gallatin School of Individual Studies as my secondary choice- I knew that those were the two programs at NYU that would allow me to take the greatest variety of classes. So how did this all turn out for me? I ended up attending Wellesley College (a small liberal arts school), where I managed to pursue all of the interests I'd had in mind (along with many more). Specifically, I... Got 80% of the way to an English minor (including two creative writing classes) Took five semesters of Chinese and studied abroad in Shanghai Majored in music and got to play in various ensembles, learn the viola da gamba, and write lots of music Majored in psychology and got to do two different research projects Took two Math classes: one in multivariable calculus (meh) and number theory (so much fun!!) The Number Theory class I took fanned the flames of my enthusiasm for math (see image). How Can You Figure Out What to Go to College For? At this point, you've read through my journey from a well-rounded high school student with no idea how to narrow down her interests to a college applicant with clear criteria. How can my experiences help you, a well-rounded high school student with no idea of where to apply to, narrow down your areas of interest into criteria for schools? One thing you may have noticed I mentioned a couple of times was that I was primarily looking at (private) liberal arts colleges. Good liberal arts schools like Wellesley are strong in many different fields. They may not be as renowned for research in said field as Harvard or MIT, but they will expose you to a variety of different subjects through core requirements at a high level. Liberal arts schools, in fact, are the well-rounded students of colleges (if that makes sense). A definite drawback to liberal arts schools is their size- most liberal arts colleges fall along the small-to-medium end of college size. If you're looking for a larger school, then liberal arts colleges might not be for you. Similarly, most liberal arts colleges are private, so if you want to attend a public school, then this might not be a good option for you (although keep in mind that many top-tier liberal arts schools offer no-loan or low-loan financial aid). If for whatever reason a liberal arts school doesn't sound like the right fit for you for college, don't worry- there are other options out there for well-rounded students. Larger universities may have a wider variance in quality between different majors, but they also have way more majors than most liberal arts schools. The best national universities are not just strong in one area, but also have multiple well-regarded departments. For instance, when I was applying to Yale, the East Asian Languages, English, and Music departments were all well-regarded in comparison to similar programs at other similar schools. Make it your business to find out how a university stacks up in the areas you're interested in, not just overall reputation. And if they don't have a good program in the areas you're interested in, think hard before applying. Finally, well-rounded students who want to attend large universities or schools with more than one undergraduate college should consider applying to schools that allow cross-registration between undergraduate colleges. That way, you'll have options even if you end up in a specialized program. As an example of this, a friend of mine went to UMich for undergrad, intending to be a computer engineer. While he was there, however, he was able to cross-register in the music school and take music classes as well. He ultimately ended up switching over to become a music major and pursuing a career in that field. As a well-rounded student with diverse interests, if you're looking at schools with many different undergraduate programs and don't like the idea of being bound to a narrow academic path, make sure you only look at schools that allow cross-registration across different programs. In Conclusion Being a well-rounded student applying to colleges can be stressful, not only because it makes it harder for you to get into highly selective national universities but because it's hard to answer for yourself, "what should I go to college for?" My journey from a well-rounded high school student, interested in lots of different things, to a well-rounded college student, still interested in lots of different things, involved thinking deeply about what about my potential college majors interested me. I ultimately ended up attending a liberal arts college because that seemed like the best fit for someone with such omnivorous interests. If you're more interested in applying to large universities, make sure you research before applying to find out what schools are strong in your areas of interest. You should also keep an eye out for schools that let you cross-register between specialized undergraduate programs. There may still be some weeping along the way as you figure out what schools to apply to and what major(s) you want to look at schools for, but at least the tears won't be from frustration at not knowing where to start when it comes to narrowing down your options. What's Next? Want to learn more about the process of choosing a college major? We look at it both from the perspective of students choosing what major to put on their college applications and how to choose a college major more generally. Knowing what you want to study is only one piece of the deciding-where-to-apply puzzle. Learn more about how to make a college list in this article. How many schools should you plan on applying to? We help you figure out the right number of colleges for you to apply to in this guide. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Difference in CSR Agenda by Oil and Gas Companies Analyzing Essay

The Difference in CSR Agenda by Oil and Gas Companies Analyzing Projects in Developing Countries - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that CSR is the process by which a company integrates the economic, its environmental and social objectives at the same time, addressing the expectations of its stakeholder and enhancing as well as sustaining the shareholder value.   CSR is the overall association between a corporation and the stakeholders that include its customers, its employees, its communities, owners/investors, the government, its suppliers, and competitors. Elements of CSR will include investment in the community outreach, its employee relations, creation and the maintenance of employment, the environmental stewardship and its financial performance. A firm which is committed to the development of its employee and empowerment is, by default, already incorporating some components of activities related to CSR. A firm that freely shares information with its employees about any move toward downsizing, and then helping the displaced employees in finding new jobs, is said to actively practice CSR. Moreover, a firm which is actively committed towards the production of reliable, safe and many innovative products and services which is in line with the customer needs is said to be strategically involved in the CSR activities. There can be situations where employees can become cynical that while on one side the organization is fairly generous in its donations and charities, it does not adequately express sensitivity to the working conditions or to employees' safety. In such conditions, the public could become critical if it so turned out that an organization is not showing responsibility towards its environmental issues. CSR is, thus considered a management approach which takes into account several integrated procedures. The socio-economic and cultural background that is present in developing countries provides a context for CSR that is different in many ways from the developed countries.

Sensory responses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sensory responses - Essay Example It is capable of detecting even the smallest visual and auditory changes. Seeing and hearing are senses which does not require physical contact, but tells us about distant objects with help of electromagnetic waves present in air. . If the sense of touch is considered, the brain could detect within no time, which part of the body was touched. Such is the response and reflex actions. The brain in turn, is composed of two hemispheres and shares the information sensed by the organs equally among the two parts For the complete sensation in visual and hearing, both halves are equally important. The visual and aural senses strongly depend upon the differences between its neighboring senses. Visual perception consists of perceiving the image of outside objects and then, processing them into an interpretation that can be understood by the brain. The human eye does this mechanism of converting light into electrical energy. Here, the sense of hearing is done by an excellent auditory system which perceives the sound produced rather than the source that produces it. The sound is received by the ear through the vibrations in air and transmits them to the brain. Just imagine a ball being thrown on a wall coming back to u again. That's what happens in our sensory system.

Evaluate the Role of Leadership in Business

Evaluate the Role of Leadership in Business Introduction This paper strives to evaluate the role of leadership, group behavior, training and development and change management in the broader context of organizational behavior in todays environment. The new realities that businesses have to face are globalization, changing technology, employees from diverse demographic backgrounds, customers, investors and competition from both global and small innovators. Globalization brings in new opportunities and challenges in the form of new markets, exchange rate risks, trade and tariff barriers and distribution challenges. Companies have to compete increasingly with global competitors than local ones. Customers also have more options when selecting a product. The internet has made consumers savvier about the products available in the market. Improvements in the transportation and communication network meant that people were better informed and mobile. A classic example is the fall of the iron curtain where the people learned about the lifestyles of other countries which led to the collapse of the socialist countries. In this environment, Companies need the ability to adapt to the changes that are occurring at lightning speed or as coined by Bill Gates in his book business @ the speed of thought. Therefore organizations need to have the proper leaders who can drive the business towards their strategic goals. The other factors that companies need to address are intense competition, nontraditional management practices and societal consciousness of workers. he role of leadership in business In literature the influence a leader can exercise over followers in an organization is said to be the type of power he or she can exercise. There are five main sources of power; these are reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, referent and expert power. In addition to these five, finlay suggests that personal power and connection power are also factors that need to be considered. (Mullins, 2005). In addition to the above followers also look for trustworthyness, visionary, competancy and inspiring qualities in their leaders. In todays context although being a visionary leader is second only to being trustworthy it is the quality that leaders world over struggle with. In order to be a forward looking individual it is required to first pay attention to the here and now. A leader needs to know what is going on around him in order for him to focus on what needs to be done to get to the objective. It is not always about meeting deadlines it is looking at what comes after the deadline is met or the project is finished that define visionary leadership. Leadership Types A research study undertaken by a consulting firm and reported by Daniel Goleman has identified six types of leadership. Coercive leaders (do what I tell you) Authoritative leaders (Come with me) Affiliative leaders (People Come first) Democratic leaders (What do you think) Pacesetting leaders (Do as I do, Now) Coaching leaders (Try This) The study has also revealed that only four of these styles had a positive effect on employees. The authoritative style was found to be the most effective while the affiliative style. The democratic style and the coaching style were seen as positive. However it was also revealed that effective leaders often use more than one of these styles in various proportions in their dealings. (Mullins, 2005) leaders who have mastered the above four styles and are able to apply them in given situations have ben found to be more effective than others who do not. however it does not mean that the other styles of leadership are not effective when used in the correct situation and context. for example the coearcive style (demands immediate compliance) will work well in a crisis situation. When discussing leadership it is also important to explore the full range leadership model In the above model the bottom left hand quadrant describes avoidant behavior of leadership, which can be further described as non transacting these type of leaders avoid decisions or intervention relying on time to heal all ills. In the middle of the quadrant is transactional leadership, this is goal and result oriented leadership. And at the top right hand corner is the transformational leadership which broaden and elevate interests of followers. In todays organizations with the rapidly changing business environment the leaders we should develop are transformational leaders. The components of a transactional leader are individual consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation and idealized behavior. Delving deeper into these components we find that Individual Consideration; values individual needs, shows empathy and encourages continuous improvement. Intellectual stimulation; challenges existing practices, encourages imagination and values intelligence. There is no doubt therefore that all these traits are required from a leader of a organization in this day. Change management Change is often said is the only thing that remains constant in organizations, and change management is defined as the process of achieving the smooth implementation of change by planning and introducing it systematically, taking into account the likely hood of being resisted. (Armstrong, 2009) Most businesses founded during and before the last decade has been steeped in archaic practices that really do not work in the present. Therefore if organizations need to be able to compete in the current business atmosphere companies will need to change the fundamental approaches that they have practiced in the past and embrace new methods of management. Organizations need to first identify why they need to change, the need for change can manifest itself from two directions one is external factors such as economic, social, environmental, technological, legal and political the other is internal factors such as business processers, objectives, technology, finance and structure. In the current context businesses will more often than not be influenced by external factors than internal factors for change. Once this is identified then the organization needs to have a vision of the final destination and the gaps that need to be filled to reach the final objective. It is also important for organizations to plan for this change and most importantly make the stakeholders aware of the importance of this change to the organization in order to get their buy in. Herbert C Kelman explains in his paper on attitude change that there can be three processes of influence. Compliance Occurs when an individual accept influence because of a reward or punishment by conforming. Thus the satisfactions derived from compliance are due to a social effect of accepting influence. Identification This is said to occur when an individual accepts influence because he wants to establish or maintain a satisfying self defining relationship with another person or group. Internalization This occurs when an individual accepts influence because it is intrinsically rewarding, he adopts the behavior because it is congruent with his values. (Kelman, 1958) Therfore in an organisation which is going through change all the above three types may be encountered, there will be some who comply because of the rewards or punishment some who will comply with change due to their relaqtionship with other members of the organisation and others who find that the change conforms to their values. Resistance to change People resist changing whenever they feel that the change is a threat to them. Resistance can take many forms; it can be active, passive, covert, overt, aggressive, timid, individual or organized. The top ten reasons for resisting change as argued by A. J. Schuler, Psy. D (A. J. Schuler, 2003) The risk of change is seen as greater than the risk of standing still People feel connected to other people who are identified with the old way People have no role models for the new activity People fear they lack the competence to change People feel overloaded and overwhelmed People have a healthy skepticism and want to be sure new ideas are sound People fear hidden agendas among would-be reformers People feel the proposed change threatens their notions of themselves People anticipate a loss of status or quality of life People genuinely believe that the proposed change is a bad idea. Dealing with resistance In order to overcome resistance to change a few methods can be used, foremost is to guarantee the employees security, thereafter a good communication plan of the objectives of the change should be instituted. Concerns of employees should be discussed and understood by the management. Where possible the most vociferous resistors should be made participants of the change management team. Flexibility should be made a key word in the change process. Incentives such as rewards can also be used to change the mind set of employees. In implementing the change an incremental change model can be used where initially small changes are done and once the employees have been removed from their comfort zones a bigger and more radical change is made. There can be several iterations of this with small periods of inactivity to allow the changes to normalize. This approach will make the change more acceptable as employees will be able to experience the benefits of each change prior to proceeding to the next iteration. Group behavior In organizations you will find several individuals forming groups to achieve common objectives, these groups or teams can exist as formal or informal groups. When formed as a formal group they will be part of the structure of the organization. In order to appreciate how groups behave we need to consider the nature of the following. (Armstrong, 2009) formal groups; informal groups; the processes that take place within groups; group ideology; group cohesion; group dynamics; The concept of a reference group and its impact on group members; The factors that make for group effectiveness. Formal Groups Organizations set up formal groups in order to achieve a defined purpose. The composition, size and structure of the group will depend on the nature of the task; if the task is clearly defined the leader may exercise authoritative power which if the task is routine in nature then the leader will exercise a more supportive role in this case the team will operate in democratic manner. Informal groups Individuals who have likeness towards each other can set up Informal groups, these can be in the form of book clubs, social club etc. A study conducted by Roethlibeger and Dickson in 1939 has revealed that activities within groups could be regulated by their own conduct and output irrespective of what the administration wanted, however by understanding the processes that take place within groups can help them work for the organization rather that against it. The processes that take place within a group. The manner in which groups function are affected by the size of the group and the task at hand, although there can be a greater knowledge base in a large group, individuals in the group may find it difficult to contribute. The main processes that take place in groups are interaction, task and maintenance functions, group ideology, group cohesion, group development and identification. (Armstrong, 2009) Reference groups A reference group comprises of a group of people with whom an individual identifies with .Most individuals in an organizations belong to a reference group and this can considerably affect the ways in which they behave. Initially a group member may comply in order to be accepted as part of the group, however as time progresses the norm will get internalized and the individual will react in the same manner whether in the group or not. Influencing groups Vince Lombardi arguably the greatest NFL football coach once said true leadership involves not only the ability to direct people, but the ability to have them embrace your direction influencing or persuading people to embrace your direction is a multi step process. In order for you to be able to persuade the first thing you need is credibility or trust and be perceived to be a person who keeps his word. The second is to canvass, which is to have a series of exchanges with individuals and groups to obtain a clear view of the concerns, goals and aspirations. The third is to try your ideas on opinion leaders, discuss your ideas with small groups get their feedback and importantly try to get the opinion leaders acceptance of the ideas. Then use the information gathered and reframe the idea in a manner which they see it as their own. By adopting the approaches discussed in this chapter an organization can obtain the support it needs to change and overcome any resistance by employees to the proposed changes. Training and Development Donald Schon argues that the loss of stable state in our society and its institutions means that they are in a process of continuous transformation and that we cannot expect new stable states that will endure for our own lifetimes. Therefore we must become adept at learning. (Smith, 2009) In order for an organization to able to be competitive in its business space it first needs to understand the skills it needs. Thereafter a gap analysis should be carried out to identify what skills are required In order for the company to reach its goals. All employees want their services to be valuable to their employers and be able to be competitive in the employment market. And the only method of achieving these targets is training and development. It is also a motivating factor for the employee since by being trained on the skills he needs to perform his function he becomes more comfortable and adept at his task. Employers should strive to build in training into their evaluation of the employee so that the final measurement of his performance will be realistic and aligned towards to companies goals and objectives. Conclusion In conclusion, an organization of today need a multifaceted approach to shape its organizational behavior. Foremost among them is the need to be able to adapt quickly to change. To do this the organization needs to have visionary leaders who will be able to manage the changes happening around them in ways that keep the motivation of the employees at high levels while maintaining the momentum of the organization. They also need also to focus on other aspects such as environmental, cultural and political issues in order to survive in todays business environment. Donald Sull a professor of management practice at the London school of business has to say this companies that execute on their strategies quickly and effectively tend to construct solid organizational hardware: information systems, corporate priorities, incentives and so forth. But they also program in software That is the right culture, people and leadership for execution. The most agile organizations share a core set of va lues: achievement that recognizes and rewards employees for setting and achieving ambitious goals, ownership, team work, creativity and integrity. Most importantly agile organizations translate these principles into action. (Sull, 2010) A. J. Schuler, P. D. (2003). resistance to change. Retrieved 02 2, 2011, from www.SchulerSolutions.com: http://www.schulersolutions.com/resistance_to_change.html Armstrong, m. (2009). Hand Book of Human Resource Practice. london: Kogan Page. Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance identification and internalization. Retrieved 02 02, 2011, from scholar harvard edu: http://scholar.harvard.edu/hckelman/files/Compliance_identification_and_internalization.pdf leader to leader institute. (2009). The Organisation of the Future. San Francisco: jossey-bass. Mullins, L. J. (2005). Management and Organisational Behaviour. Essex: Pearson Education limited. Smith, M. K. (2009, 09 03). donald shon :Learning,reflection and change. Retrieved 02 04, 2011, from www.infed.org: http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-shon.htm Sull, D. (2010, 05 23). Organisational Behaviour. Retrieved 02 04, 2011, from Management Quotes: http://www.mgmtquotes.com/subject/organisational+behavior/